The math module in Python provides a wide range of mathematical functions and constants. It is commonly used for performing various mathematical operations beyond basic arithmetic.
To use mathematical functions under this module, we have to import the module using import statement. Once imported, we can access its functions and constants using dot notation.
Some common categories of functions available in the math module:
Number-theoretic and Representation Functions:
math.ceil(x):
The function is used to return the ceiling value of a number, which means it is used to round a number up to the nearest integer that is greater than the number itself.
Example:
math.floor(x):
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.
Example:
math.fabs(x):
This function is used to calculate the absolute value of a given integer.
Example:
import math
number = -2.45
# calculating absolute value of number
absolute_value = math.fabs(number)
print(“Absolute value of”,number,”is”,absolute_value)
Output:
Absolute value of -2.45 is 2.45
math.factorial(x):
This function is used to find the factorial of a given integer.
Example:
import math
print(math.factorial(4))
print(f”Factorial of 5: {math.factorial(5)}”)
Output:
24
Factorial of 5: 120
math.gcd():
The math.gcd() function in Python’s math module is used to calculate the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two or more integers.
Example:
import math
print(math.gcd(12, 3))
print(math.lcm(12, 3,8,20))
Output:
3
1
math.lcm():
The math.lcm() function in Python’s math module is used to calculate the least common multiple (LCM) of two or more integers.
Example:
import math
print(math.lcm(12, 3))
print(math.lcm(12, 3,8,20))
Output:
12
120
math.trunc(x):
Returns the integer part of x.
Example:
Power and Logarithmic Functions:
math.sqrt(x):
Returns the square root of x.
Example -1:
import math
print(math.sqrt(9))
Output:
3.0
Example -2:
import math
x = 16
square_root = math.sqrt(x)
print(square_root)
Output:
4.0
math.exp(x):
Example:
import math
print(math.exp(1))
Output:
2.718281828459045
math.log(x, base):
Returns the logarithm of x to the given base
Example:
import math
print(math.log(100, 10))
Output:
2.0
math.log10(x):
Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.
math.log2(x):
Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.
Trigonometric Functions:
math.sin(x):
Returns the sine of x (where x is in radians).
Example:
import math
angle_radians = math.radians(90)
sine_value = math.sin(angle_radians)
print(sine_value)
OR
import math
#Sine of 90 degrees (converted to radians)
print(f”Sine of 90 degrees: {math.sin(math.radians(90))}”)
math.cos(x):
Returns the cosine of x (where x is in radians).
math.tan(x):
Returns the tangent of x (where x is in radians).
math.degrees(x):
Converts angle x from radians to degrees.
math.radians(x):
Converts angle x from degrees to radians.
Inverse trigonometric functions: math.asin(), math.acos(), math.atan(), math.atan2().
Hyperbolic Functions:
math.sinh(x): Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.
math.cosh(x): Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.
math.tanh(x): Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.
Inverse hyperbolic functions: math.asinh(), math.acosh(), math.atanh().
Constants:
math.pi:
The number 𝜋 is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159. After importing the math module, you just need to write math.pi to access the 𝜋 number.
Example:
import math
# Value of pi
print(math.pi)
print(f”Value of pi: {math.pi}”)
Output:
3.141592653589793
Value of pi: 3.141592653589793
math.e: The mathematical constant e (Euler’s number).
math.tau: The mathematical constant tau (τ).
math.inf: Positive infinity.
math.nan: Not a number.